And molecules like thalidomide are the same way.

像萨力多这样分子也是如此。

Don McCullin's unsparing portraits from war zones, or the dangling body-harness of a thalidomide child.

唐·麦卡林对战争地区无情描绘，或者萨利多儿童悬在空身体吊带。

The Australian Prime Minister has issued a formal apology for the " thalidomide tragedy" sixty years ago.

澳大利亚总理就 60 年前“海豹胎（反应停）事件”发表正式道歉。

What researchers didn't know at the time was that there were actually two versions of the thalidomide molecule.

那时研究员们不知道萨力多分子实有两个变体。

Even though they were now aware that thalidomide was a problem, scientists still didn't know why.

即使他们已经意识到了是萨力多题，但那时科家仍然不清楚因。

By 1961, Lenz had proven the link between thalidomide and the birth defects, and it was pulled from the shelves.

到1961年，Lenz证明了萨力多与先天性缺陷之间联系，该药下架。

Kelsey found its data on thalidomide’s absorption and toxicity inadequate.

Kelsey 发现有关沙利度吸收和毒性数据不足。

Even though they were now aware that thalidomide was a problem, scientists still didn’t know why.

尽管他们现在意识到沙利度是个题， 但科家们仍然不知道因。

What researchers didn’t know at the time was that there were actually two versions of the thalidomide molecule.

当时研究人员不知道是沙利度分子实际上有两个版本。

But it turns out that thalidomide's R enantiomer can actually switch to the S version while inside the human body.

但事实证明，萨力多R对映体在人体内还是可以转换成S变体。

In thalidomide, for example, the chiral center is a carbon atom attached to one of the rings.

例如在萨力多，手性心是一个吸附在一个结构环上碳子。

Merrell executives complained that stubborn and nit-picking Kelsey was the problem, not thalidomide.

Merrell 高管们抱怨说，固执和吹毛求疵凯尔西才是题所在，而不是沙利度。

But in 1998, the FDA did approve thalidomide, almost forty years after rejecting it based on the birth defect problems.

但1998年，在由于先天性缺陷题而被禁近40年后，食品及药物管理局确批准了萨力多使用。

Thalidomide, widely used by pregnant women, caused severe birth defects.

孕妇广泛使用沙利度会导致严重出生缺陷。

In November 1961, thalidomide was pulled from the German market.

1961 年 11 月，沙利度退出德国市场。

As Kelsey reviewed and rejected each new application, news of thalidomide’s adverse side effects began to surface.

当凯尔西审查并拒绝每一项新申请时，沙利度不良副作用消息开始浮出水面。

But it turns out that thalidomide’s R enantiomer can actually switch to the S version while inside the human body.

但事实证明，沙利度 R 对映异构体实际上可以在人体内转换为 S 版本。

Merrell had expected a quick, affirmative reply so it could launch thalidomide for the holiday season, when sedative sales soar.

Merrell 曾期望得到快速、肯定答复，以便在镇静剂销量飙升假期推出沙利度。

As public awareness of the thalidomide tragedy grew, the quiet scientist became a media sensation.

随着公众对沙利度悲剧意识增强，这位沉默寡言科家成了媒体轰动人物。

Meaning that even if they'd isolated 100% pure R thalidomide, it still wouldn't be safe for pregnant women.

这意味着即使他们将R萨力多完全隔离出来，对孕妇而言，依旧不安全。