This advancement has already aided research in quantum optics and lithography.

这一进步已经帮助了量学和术研究。

So that we are using very highly sophisticated equipment, mainly the electron beam lithography.

我们使用是非常精密设备，主要是束。

The warning comes from ASML, the company makes lithography machines that etch circuits onto silicon wafers.

该警告来自ASML，该公司生产机将路蚀在硅片上。

These three-nanometer transistors are patterned using state-of-the-art extreme ultraviolet lithography.

这些三纳米晶体管使用最先进极紫外术进行图案化。

The complexity of lithography technology makes it a benchmark for a nation's industrial and technological prowess.

术复杂使其成为衡量一个国家工业和科实力基准。

Experts compare the difficulty of creating advanced lithography machines to the challenge of developing atomic bombs.

专家将制造先进机难度比作开发原弹挑战。

Printing electronics is not new; screen printing, lithography, inkjet and other processes have long been used to manufacture circuit boards and components.

印刷术并不新鲜，屏幕印刷、平板印刷、喷绘和其他术用于生产路板和元件已有很长时间。

Lithography machines are as vital to our era as steam engines and computers were to past industrial revolutions.

机之于我们这个时代，就如同蒸汽机和计算机之于过去工业革命一样至关重要。

America's export controls on " chokepoint technologies" have created a need for homegrown alternatives, from lithography machines to aviation-grade stainless steel.

美国对“瓶颈术”出口管制导致了对从机到航空级不锈钢等国产替代产品需求。

Next the wafer goes to the lithography tool which shines UV light through a  stencil, which is technically called a photomask.

接下来，晶圆进入工具，该工具通过模板（术上称为掩模）发射紫外线。

With only one mask layer being  patterned at a time, this CPU chip will undergo 80 separate visits to the lithography tool.

由于每次仅对一个掩模层进行图案化，该 CPU 芯片将接受 80 次单独工具访问。

With the help of electron-beam lithography, Dr Pass and his colleagues produced 5m of them and suspended them in a vial of water.

在束术帮助下，帕斯博士和他同事制作了 5 m 纳米粒， 并将它们悬浮在一小瓶水中。

In microelectronics, they use something called lithography to do the same sort of thing, to make the transistors and integrated circuits and build up a structure several times.

在微学中，人们使用相同原理术，来制造晶体管和集成路，反复构建一个结构。

Utilizing state-of-the-art, extreme ultraviolet lithography, 3 nanometer technology creates transistors that are so small, you could fit 2 million of them in the cross section of a human hair.

利用先进极紫外，3 纳米工艺可制造极小晶体管，一根头发横截面就可容纳两百万个。

The  wafer next goes to the developer to wash away the sections that were hit by the light from the  lithography tool and then through a hard bake to harden the remaining photoresist.

接下来，晶圆会进入显影器，洗去被工具线照射到部分，然后经过硬烘烤以硬化剩余胶。