Pleural effusions can be due to excess fluid collection, transudative and exudative, or due to blockage of lymphatic drainage.

腔积液是由于液体形成过快，分漏出性与出性，者由于淋巴引流阻塞，液体吸收过缓。

An exudative pleural effusions is due to inflammation of the pulmonary capillaries which makes them much more leaky.

出性腔积液是因为肺毛细血管发炎，变漏出。

Transudative fluid looks clear, exudative effusions are full of immune cells and therefore look cloudy, and lymphatic fluid is filled with fats and looks like milk.

漏出液透明清亮；出液里有许多炎性细胞，因此看起来混浊；淋巴液里充满脂肪，所以看起来像牛奶。

Often, the biggest challenge is distinguishing between a transudative and exudative effusion, and the key difference is the amount of protein in the effusion - exudates have much more!

而最大的挑战经常是辨别漏出液与出液，关键的不同点是液体里的蛋白质总量：出液中的含量多！